Hi Mike,
resolution has nothing to do with the format: resolution only refers to the number of pixels.
AstroBin accepts the following formats:
JPG
PNG
GIF
There are no limits on resolution, but there is a 25 MB limit if you're on Free or Lite, 50 MB if you're on Premium, and 200 MB if you're on Ultimate.
For best quality, you can upload a lossless JPG of PNG (i.e. without compression), if that's within the limits of your subscription.
AstroBin will store your original upload, but resize it to various resolutions to display it reasonably (e.g. a 200 MB PNG would be too much to display on the technical card page, because it would make the page load too slow).